Many babies develop a mild redness of the eyes a few days after birth. This is probably caused by an immature tear duct that may be partially obstructed. It doesn’t require any treatment, as it usually clears up by itself Baby eyes blocked tear duct – Another kind of very mild but chronic infection of [...]

Baby Rashes are often hard to describe in words, and though most rashes aren’t too serious, some are signs of illnesses that need prompt medical attention. It’s always to reasonable to show an unidentified rash to your baby’s doctor or nurse practitioner. Common diaper rashes Most babies have sensitive skin in the early months. The [...]

Immunological agents include products for both – active immunization i.e. vaccines, as well as passive immunization i.e. immunoglobulins. Vaccines are formulations containing live or killed pathogens, their subunits or their toxins, minus their virulence. Currently available immunization schedule for children Vaccines may be classified into different types based upon the viability of organisms, contents and [...]

Success of vaccination in an individual child is assessed by sero-conversion (development of adequate antibody titers), while success of a vaccine or vaccination program is indicated by seroconversion rate or decrease in incidence of disease, among inoculated population. Important determinants of Immunization effectiveness include — a) Dose and immunogenicity of antigen: Live vaccines are highly [...]

Since the global eradication of small pox from May 8th, 1980, Immunizations for children has been established as the most cost- effective preventive measure against infectious diseases. Immunizations for children may be defined as ‘induction of specific immune response’ by either — a) Deliberate inoculation of irnmunogens to stimulate in vivo antibody production (active immunization), [...]

Hypermagnesemia – Although clinical severity may not correlate with serum levels, the term Hypomagnesemia denotes S. magnesium levels < 1.3 mg/dl. Causes Hypomagnesemia frequently co-exists with hypocalcaemia, usually due to impaired absorption or increased urinary losses. Clinical manifestations: Hypomagnesemia induces skeletal resistance to PTH, leading to hypocalcaemia. Consequently, hypomagnesaemia and hypocalcaemia frequently co-exist and present [...]

Tetany in children: Tetany is a clinical entity, indicative of neuronal hyperexcitabiliiy due to abnormal concentration of various ions in the fluid bathing nerve cells. Causes: Tetany is caused by Hypocalcaemia (S. ionic Ca< 3.0 mg/dl), Hypomagnesemia (S. Mg < 1.0 mg/dl), Alkalosis – Respiratory or Metabolic Clinical manifestations Carpopedal spasm is the hallmark of [...]